name | Amanita rubescens var. alba |
name status | nomen acceptum |
author | Coker |
english name | "Eastern American White Blusher" |
images |
1. Amanita rubescens var. alba, Jamesburg Twp. Pk., Jamesburg, Middlesex Co., New Jersey, U.S.A. (RET 106-7) 2. Amanita rubescens var. alba, Jamesburg Twp. Pk., Jamesburg, Middlesex Co., New Jersey, U.S.A. (RET 099-6) 3. Amanita rubescens var. alba, Miola-Bigley, St. Game Lands No. 72, Clarion Co., Pennsylvania, U.S.A. (RET 478-1) 4. Amanita rubescens var. alba (foreground), Roosevelt, Monmouth Co., New Jersey, U.S.A. (RET 542-10) 5. Amanita rubescens var. alba, Oneida Co., New York, U.S.A. (RET 597-6) 6. Amanita rubescens var. alba, York Co., Maine, U.S.A. (RET 553-1) 7. Amanita rubescens var. alba, Rickett's Glen St. Pk., Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, U.S.A. (RET 549-5) |
intro | The following data is based on the original description of this mushroom and original research by the authors of this page. |
cap |
The cap of Amanita rubescens var. alba is 95 - 120 mm wide, white to cream, with pinkish or pale brick red tints, staining red brown, rounded to broadly campanulate to plano-convex, viscid when wet, tacky to dull to subshiny to shiny when dry, with a nonstriate and downcurved margin, sometimes appendiculate with shreds of the membranous ring and sometimes faintly striate. The volva is absent or present as pale yellow at first, then cream, irregularly polygonal loose sub-pyramidal warts, radially fibrillose. The flesh is 9 - 11.5 mm thick over the stem, thinning evenly towards the margin, white, staining brick red in the center or pinkish. |
gills |
The gills are free to narrowly adnate, rather close to subcrowded to crowded, white to pale cream, staining red or brownish or light ochraceous, 3.5 - 8 mm broad, sometimes forking, with or without a decurrent line on the stem. The short gills are rounded subtruncate to truncate to subattenuate to attenuate. |
stem |
The stem is 60 - 137 × 16 - 19 mm, whitish, staining red or reddish brown, narrowing upward, flaring at the top, longitudinally striate and finely pulverulent, somewhat satiny above the ring. The bulb is 27 - 39 × 22 - 31 mm, ovoid to broadly fusiform, clavate, with the base of the bulb surrounded by white mycelium in duff. The ring is superior, usually white above and below, infrequently pale yellow above, pale sulfur yellow below, thin, fragile, membranous, skirt-like, sometimes shredding and collapsing on the stem, striate and paler above, darker yellow and floccose-fibrillose below. The volva is absent or present as loose patches easily left in the soil, whitish at first, staining brick red, submembranous, subfloccose to minutely warty on the surface or as light lines of deep red-brown color on the upper bulb. The flesh is white, stuffed to solid, and staining as in the cap. |
spores |
The spores measure (6.5-) 7.0 - 9.8 (-10.5) × (4.5-) 5.0 - 7.0 (-8.5) µm and are broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid (rarely subglobose or elongate) and amyloid. Clamps are not observed at bases of basidia. |
discussion |
This species was originally described from North
Carolina and is not rare in the Atlantic Coastal
Plain and in oak and pine forests east of the
Mississippi River with a known northern limit in
New York and Connecticut and a known southern limit
in South Carolina. The partial veil is sometimes yellow on the underside only, as is also the case with A. rubescens sensu eastern North American authors. This suggests that as in the case of the latter taxon, the universal veil in A. rubescens var. alba may sometimes be yellow during early development of the fruit body. For comparison with other rubescent taxa see A. brunneolocularis Tulloss, Ovrebo & Halling, A. novinupta Tulloss & J. Lindgr., A. orsonii Ash. Kumar & T. N. Lakh., A. rubescens (Pers.:Fr.) Pers.; and A. congolensis (Beeli) Tulloss et al.. For distinguishing between rubescent taxa in section Validae, refer to the Key of rubescent taxa in Amanita section Validae.—R. E. Tulloss and L. Possiel |
brief editors | RET |
name | Amanita rubescens var. alba | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
author | Coker. 1917. J. Elisha Mitchell Scient. Soc. 33(1/2): 62, pl. 67. [Misapplication of species name to a North American rubescent taxon.] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
name status | nomen acceptum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
english name | "Eastern American White Blusher" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
synonyms |
≡Amanita rubescens f. alba (Coker) Sartory & L. Maire. 1922. Compend. Hymenomyc.—Amanita [citation of this work is inconsistent??] ?: 311. [Probably not applied to the North American taxon.]
≡Amanita rubescens f. alba (Coker) A. G. Parrot sensu A. G. Parrot comb. inval. 1960. Amanites S.-O. France: 89, fig. [Lacking full and direct reference to basionym ICBN §33.2] [Probably not applied to the North American taxon. Illustration somewhat suggestive of Amanita novinupta.] The editors of this site owe a great debt to Dr. Cornelis Bas whose famous cigar box files of Amanita nomenclatural information gathered over three or more decades were made available to RET for computerization and make up the lion's share of the nomenclatural information presented on this site. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
MycoBank nos. | 172158, 508881 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
GenBank nos. |
Due to delays in data processing at GenBank, some accession numbers may lead to unreleased (pending) pages.
These pages will eventually be made live, so try again later.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
lectotypes | NCU | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
lectotypifications | Tulloss. 2005a. Mycologia 92: 480 [footnote 8]. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
revisions | Tulloss, here | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
intro |
The following text may make multiple use of each data field. The field may contain magenta text representing a type study or a study of original material by Tulloss. The same field may also contain black text, which will represent a revision of the species by Tulloss. Paragraphs of black text will be labeled if further subdivision of this text is appropriate. Olive text indicates a specimen that has not been thoroughly examined (for example, for microscopic details) and marks other places in the text where data is missing or uncertain. The following is based upon original research by R. E. Tulloss. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
pileus | 95 - 120 mm wide, entirely white (at first) to pale cream, at first taking on pale pink to pale brick to pink-ochre (e.g., ca. 6A3 or ca. 7.5 YR 6/6) tints, bruising reddish brown, broadly rounded campanulate, becoming planoconvex and umbonate with slightly decurved margin, viscid to tacky, dull to subshiny to shiny (when dry); context white, bruising as on surface or brick red, 9 - 11.5 mm thick, thinning evenly to margin; margin nonstriate to faintly striate, becoming rimose, sometimes appendiculate with fragments of partial veil; universal veil absent or as scattered cream to pale yellow-cream warts, staining reddish-brown (e.g., ca. 7B4 to ca. 7C8), flat to pyramidal, often developing raised edges, sometimes (at first) with web-like radial(?) filaments attached to pileipellis. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
lamellae | free to narrowly adnate, often with decurrent line on stipe apex, rather close to crowded, white to pale cream in mass, white to very pale cream in side view, staining as in remainder of basidiome or more brown, sometimes becoming light ochraceous when bruised, 3.5 - 8 mm broad, of even width for most of length, sometimes forking; lamellulae subtruncate to rounded truncate to attenuate. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
stipe | 60 - 137 × 16 - 19 mm, white to cream to yellow-white, bruising pink-ocher to red to wine-colored to reddish brown, narrowing upward, flaring (sometimes only slightly) at apex, surface somewhat satiny above annulus, longitudinally striatulate below partial veil, often eventually with some raised fibrils; bulb 27 - 39 × 22 - 31 mm, subglobose to subclaviform to ovoid to broadly fusiform, with white mycelium; context fibrous, solid to firmly stuffed, sometimes with hollow spots, white, reddish to reddish brown to brick red where bruised, somewhat brownish wine-colored in larva tunnels, with central cylinder 4 mm wide; partial veil delicate, fragile, thin, membranous, apical to subapical to superior, white to pale sulfur yellow and striate above, white to sulfur yellow and floccose-fibrillose below, skirt-like, becoming shredded; universal veil absent or as small faint warts in narrow band just above bulb or as submembranous detersile patch(es) up to 22 × 16 mm easily left in substrate, whitish at first, bruising as in the remainder of the basidiome, with subfloccose to verruculose surface, not mentioned in protolog except to attribute some staining on stipe to "action" of the "volva." | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
odor/taste | Odor none to faint to somewhat piney (Tulloss 8-24-85-A). Taste not recorded or lacking. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
macrochemical tests |
Spot test for tyrosinase (L-tyrosine) - positive in stipe (only tissue tested). Test voucher: ??. POISONOUS: Causes gastrointestinal distress when ingested raw. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
lamella trama | bilateral; wcs = 40 µm (moderately well rehydrated); with subhymenial base largely comprising uninflated hyphal segments; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.8 - 7.5 µm wide, thin-walled; divergent, terminal, inflated cells ?; vascular hyphae ? µm wide, ?. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
subhymenium | wst-near = ? μm; wst-far = ? μm; pseudoparenchymatous (cellular), with 3 to 4 cells between bases of longest basidia/-oles and subhymenial base[?], with the 2 or 3 cells closest to basidia having major axis perpendicular to central stratum, ?. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
basidia | 29 - 40 × 7.0 - 11.2 µm, dominantly 4-, but also 2-sterigmate, thin-walled; clamps not observed. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
partial veil | filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.0 - 11.0 µm wide, forming robust radially oriented fascicles, dominating, with walls thin or up to 0.8 µm thick, occasionally with intercalary inflated (fusiform to crescent-shaped) segment up to 32 µm wide, in many regions frequently septate, frequently branching, sometimes sinuous; inflated cells terminal, singly or in short chains, very plentiful throughout the tissue, with walls thin or up to 0.8 µm thick, clavate to narrowly clavate to subfusiform and then occasionally rostrate (up to 82 × 20 µm), ellipsoid (e.g., 36 × 16.0 µm), broadly clavate to broadly ellipsoid to subglobose (up to 48 × 32 µm); vascular hyphae 3.5 - 9.5 µm wide, uncommon to rare. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
basidiospores | RET/CRC: [140/7/6] (6.5-) 7.0 - 9.5 (-10.2) × (4.5-) 5.0 - 7.0 (-8.5) µm, (L = 7.6 - 9.0 µm; L’ = 8.2 µm; W = 5.5 - 6.7 µm; W’ = 5.9 µm; Q = (1.12-) 1.24 - 1.60 (-1.69); Q = 1.34 - 1.49; Q’ = 1.40), hyaline, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, amyloid, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, occasionally elongate, rarely subglobose, adaxially flattened; apiculus sublateral, cylindric, rather small; contents granular to monoguttulate; white in deposit. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
ecology | Solitary to scattered. Québec: At ca. 80 m elev. Under conifers. Maine: In grass under Quercus. New Jersey: In sand under duff of grassy area with Pinus rigida and having Quercus marilandica, Q. prinus, and Smilax glauca as scrub nearby. North Carolina: Under Quercus. Pennsylvania: At 240-400 m elev. In lawn with Quercus or in forest with Tsuga canadensis, Quercus, and Betula. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
material examined |
CANADA:
QUÉBEC—Boisé des
Compagnons-de-Cartier [46.7576°” N/
71.3275°” W, 82 m], 17.viii.2013 Claude
Kaufholtz-Couture CKC0112 (RET 567-2, nrITS & nrLSU
seq'd.).
U.S.A.:
CONNECTICUT—Middlesex Co. - E. Haddam,
Devil's Hopyard St. Pk. [41°28’32” N/ 72°20’25” W,
72 m], 4.ix.2011 Djerba Goldfinger s.n. [Tulloss
9-4-11-O] (RET 488-4, nrITS seq'd.).
INDIANA—Henry Co. - Summit Lake St. Pk.
[40°00’53.46” N/ 85°18’50.95” W, 330 m],
22.viii.2012 Stephen Russell s.n. (RET 531-2,
nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.).
IOWA—Decatur Co. - Woodland Twp.,
Pony Farm Rd., 24.vi.2013 Sibylla Brown s.n. (RET
544-8, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.).
MAINE—Lincoln Co. - Camden, Camden Hills
St. Pk., | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
discussion |
Some rubescent specimens found in South Carolina
[e.g., Tulloss 7-19-86-B (RET 079-5)] have had a
yellowish underside to the partial veil—indicating
that the universal veil was originally yellow.
Although this material had a white cap margin, its
nrITS sequence does not match those of collections
presently assigned to this taxon. This
genetically distinct taxaon is listed as
A.
aureosubucula on this site. A comparison of the sporographs of the two species is provided below: One collection of another genetically distinct species that is white and rubescent has been sent to us from Missouri. This species is called A. ostendemihi in these pages. There follows a sporograph comparison for this species and the present one: The present taxon is distinct at species rank from the following: A. rubescens of Europe, A. brunneolocularis of the Americas, and A. novinupta, which was described from North America. It should not be assumed that the present taxon is conspecific with any of the undescribed taxa of the Americas that have been called A. rubescens incorrectly in the past. Preliminary genetic studies show that there are at least four additional rubescent taxa in eastern North America which lack names. At present these are all treated under A. amerirubescens on this site. During the molecular studies of rubescent taxa in collaboration with K. W. Hughes, this taxon was briefly called "A sp-amerirubescens03." | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
citations | —R. E. Tulloss and C. Rodríguez Caycedo | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
editors | RET | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Information to support the viewer in reading the content of "technical" tabs can be found here.
name | Amanita rubescens var. alba |
name status | nomen acceptum |
author | Coker |
english name | "Eastern American White Blusher" |
images |
1. Amanita rubescens var. alba, Jamesburg Twp. Pk., Jamesburg, Middlesex Co., New Jersey, U.S.A. (RET 106-7) 2. Amanita rubescens var. alba, Jamesburg Twp. Pk., Jamesburg, Middlesex Co., New Jersey, U.S.A. (RET 099-6) 3. Amanita rubescens var. alba, Miola-Bigley, St. Game Lands No. 72, Clarion Co., Pennsylvania, U.S.A. (RET 478-1) 4. Amanita rubescens var. alba (foreground), Roosevelt, Monmouth Co., New Jersey, U.S.A. (RET 542-10) 5. Amanita rubescens var. alba, Oneida Co., New York, U.S.A. (RET 597-6) 6. Amanita rubescens var. alba, York Co., Maine, U.S.A. (RET 553-1) 7. Amanita rubescens var. alba, Rickett's Glen St. Pk., Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, U.S.A. (RET 549-5) |
photo |
RET - (1-2) Jamesburg Township Park, Jamesburg, Middlesex County, New Jersey, U.S.A. (3) Miola-Bigley, St. Game Lands No. 72, Clarion County, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Naomi Goldman - (4) Roosevelt, Monmouth County, New Jersey, U.S.A. (RET 542-10). Eric Smith - (5) Oneida Co., New York, U.S.A. (RET 596-6). [Note: The original image is available on mushroomoberver.org here.] Linas V. Kudzma - (6) York Co., Maine, U.S.A. (RET 553-1). David Wasilewski - (7) Rickett's Glen State Park, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. (RET 549-5). [Note: The original image is available on mushroomoberver.org here.] |
name | Amanita rubescens var. alba |
bottom links |
[ Keys & Checklists ] |
name | Amanita rubescens var. alba |
bottom links |
[ Keys & Checklists ] |
Each spore data set is intended to comprise a set of measurements from a single specimen made by a single observer; and explanations prepared for this site talk about specimen-observer pairs associated with each data set. Combining more data into a single data set is non-optimal because it obscures observer differences (which may be valuable for instructional purposes, for example) and may obscure instances in which a single collection inadvertently contains a mixture of taxa.