name | Amanita solaniolens |
name status | nomen acceptum |
author | H. L. Stewart & Grund |
english name | "Old Potato Amanita" |
images |
1. Amanita solaniolens, Pachaug St. For., New London Co., Connecticut, U.S.A. (RET 110-9) 2. Amanita solaniolens aka sp-CR18, La Chonta, Ctn. Dota, Prov. San José, Costa Rica. 3. Amanita solaniolens aka sp-CR18, El Empalme, Ctn. Dota, Prov. San José, Costa Rica (RET 336-6). 4. Amanita solaniolens aka sp-CR18, El Empalme, Ctn. Dota, Prov. San José, Costa Rica (RET 336-1). 5. Amanita solaniolens aka sp-CR18, La Chonta, Ctn. Dota, Prov. San José, Costa Rica (RET 338-2). 6. Amanita solaniolens aka sp-CR18, La Chonta, Ctn. Dota, Prov. San José, Costa Rica (RET 331-3). |
intro |
The following is based on the original description by
Stewart and Grund (1974)
with some additional information from Jenkins
(1986)
and additional research by Dr. K. W. Hughes
and RET. |
cap | The cap of Amanita solaniolens is 39 - 45 mm wide, dull-yellow to light blond at the margin, abruptly darkening to olive brown at the center, with a greenish tinge over the entire cap, broadly convex to plane, viscid when moist, fibrillose-silky, and with a nonstriate margin. The volva is present as one or two large, flat patches, and creamy white to yellowish white. The flesh is firm and white, except for a narrow creamy white region just under the cap skin. |
gills | The gills are free, moderately close, creamy white to yellowish white, 4 - 5 mm broad, with a minutely floccose edge. The short gills are rounded truncate to subattenuate to attenuate, of diverse lengths, unevenly distributed, and common. |
stem | The stem is 76 - 92 × 4 - 5 mm, nearly cylindric or narrowing upward, creamy white, staining slightly brownish when bruised, and undecorated except for a slightly fibrillose-silky region near the bulb. The stem is firmly stuffed to nearly hollow. According to the illustration in the original description, the bulb is subabrupt and has some longitudinal splitting as in Amanita brunnescens G. F. Atk. The ring is creamy white to pale yellow, attached near the top of the stem, skirt-like, membranous, and collapsing against the stem. The volva is present on the globose bulb as a narrow free margin and is yellowish white to creamy white and submembranous. |
odor/taste | The odor is of old potatoes, and the taste is said to be very mild. |
spores | According to the original description, the spores measure (6.6-) 7.2 - 9.0 µm long and are globose to subglobose and amyloid. Clamps are absent at bases of basidia. Jenkins (1986) reported spore measurements as follows: 6.1 - 9.2 × 6.6 - 9.0 µm. |
discussion |
This species was originally described from Nova
Scotia, Canada, where it occurs solitarily under
eastern
hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Otherwise
in eastern North America, this mushroom occurs in
mixed forest with a number of possible coniferous
and broad-leaved hosts. In Costa
Rica, A. solaniolens occurs with
Quercus (Oak) species in montane
forest. For those persons familiar with RET's regional keys and the checklists produced at forays in the northeastern USA, previously collected material of this species has been called "Amanita sp-N20" (formerly "species N20"), "A. sp-O02" (formerly "species O2"), and "A. sp-CR15" (in the case of Costa Rican material). When the cap of solaniolens has pigmentation distributed as in the manner of collections formerly called "sp-N20" in these pages (see page background image), the species is somewhat similar to A. brunnescens. Even the variability of cap color is somewhat similar in the two taxa. However, the nearly invariable nrITS and nrLSU of A. solariolens suggests that it may be placed in Amanita stirps Mappae rather than in in stirps Brunnescens.—R. E. Tulloss and L. Possiel |
brief editors | RET |
name | Amanita solaniolens | ||||||||
author | H. L. Stewart & Grund. 1974. Canad. J. Bot. 52: 338, figs. 14-21, 27. | ||||||||
name status | nomen acceptum | ||||||||
english name | "Old Potato Amanita" | ||||||||
etymology | Solanum, "potato" + olens, "smelling" | ||||||||
MycoBank nos. | 308590 | ||||||||
GenBank nos. |
Due to delays in data processing at GenBank, some accession numbers may lead to unreleased (pending) pages.
These pages will eventually be made live, so try again later.
| ||||||||
holotypes | ACAD 10884 | ||||||||
intro |
The following text may make multiple use of each data field. The field may contain magenta text presenting data from a type study and/or revision of other original material cited in the protolog of the present taxon. Macroscopic descriptions in magenta are a combination of data from the protolog and additional observations made on the exiccata during revision of the cited original material. The same field may also contain black text, which is data from a revision of the present taxon (including non-type material and/or material not cited in the protolog). Paragraphs of black text will be labeled if further subdivision of this text is appropriate. Olive text indicates a specimen that has not been thoroughly examined (for example, for microscopic details) and marks other places in the text where data is missing or uncertain. The following is derived from the protolog of the present species, from molecular research of Dr. K. W. Hughes, and additional original research of R. E. Tulloss. | ||||||||
pileus |
from protolog: 39 - 45 mm wide,
dull yellow (3B3) to light blond (4C3) at margin,
abruptly darkening to olive brown (4E5 to 4F3) over
disc, entirely with distinct greenish tinge, broadly
convex to planar, fibrillose silky, viscid when
moist; context white, creamy, "hard," 2.5 - 3
mm thick above stipe; margin nonstriate;
universal veil as one or two flat
proportionately large patches, creamy white to
yellowish white (4A2). Costa Rica: 28 - 59 (-82) mm wide, brown to reddish brown over disc and pallid in broad marginal band or entirely very pale citrin to off-white (occasionally with rusty stains), at first broadly campanulate with incurved margin, finally planar, tacky, shiny when wet, dull when dry; context white, with watersoaked lines above stipe context and above lamellae, 2.5 - 3 mm thick above stipe; margin nonstriate, nonappendiculate; universal veil as felted small patches, scattered, white at first then tan then brown, of uneven thickness with thickest parts minutely verruculose (10× lens), detersile; pileipellis easily separating at pileus margin. non-type, North American material: 21 - 40 mm wide, sepiaceous or sepia in radial fibrils (darkest above stipe, with ground pale yellowish to yellow tan, virgate, sometimes with single tan spot over disk in mature specimens, planar to broadly convex to plano-convex to plano-depressed to rounded subcampanulate, rimose, dry to tacky, shiny to dull, subviscid over disk; context white to off-white, watery below pileipellis in disc and above contact with stipe, 1 - 2 mm thick, thinning evenly to margin; margin nonstriate, nonappendiculate; universal veil absent or sometimes present as one or two buff to pale tan small patches, thin and somewhat papery, easily removable, membranous. | ||||||||
lamellae |
from protolog: free, moderately
close, creamy white to yellowish white (3A2), 4 - 5
mm broad, with edges sometimes slightly flocculose;
lamellulae not described. Costa Rica: free without decurrent line on stipe, crowded, cream in mass, off-white to pale cream in side view, with staining or bruising not observed, 3.5 - 6.5 mm broad, broadest at about two-thirds length from stipe, with minutely flocculose edge, rounded at pileus margin; lamellulae truncate to subtruncate, unevenly distributed, of diverse lengths, plentiful. non-type, North American material: free to narrowly adnate with short decurrent line on stipe (10× lens), close to subcrowded to crowded, white to whitish to pale yellowish cream in mass, white to cream in side view, with staining and bruising not observed, 2 - 3.5 mm broad; lamellulae rounded truncate to subtruncate to truncate to attenuate, plentiful, of varying lengths. | ||||||||
stipe |
from protolog: 76 - 92 × 4 - 5
mm, creamy white, cylindric or narrowing upward,
glabrous, slightly fibrillose-silky near bulb,
staining slightly brownish when bruised;
context thickly stuffed to hollow;
bulb proportionately small, subglobose,
subabrupt [all per figure]; partial veil
superior, pendent, creamy white to pale yellow (3A2),
membranous, collapsing; universal veil as
short limbate volva, creamy white,
membranous. Costa Rica: 48 - 117 × 6.5 - 9.5 mm, white, narrowing upward, barely or not flaring at apex, longitudinally striatulate, satiny at first, developing raised fibrils on lower part, with raised fibrils darkening from handling; bulb 9.5 - 21 × 16-31 mm, white, with raised rim become brick-colored, subglobose, marginate, with some longitudinal splitting; context stuffed with pale yellowish watersoaked material, white, with staining or bruising not observed, with larval tunnels concolorous to reddish brown, with central cylinder 2 - 4 mm wide; partial veil superior, thin, membranous, skirt-like, flaring at first, very pale yellowish white to white, with gray to black line around underside at edge, smooth below, finely striate above (10× lens), becoming gray and collapsing on stipe in oldest specimens; universal veil as scant limb, often leaning toward stipe, pallid, becoming rusty brown or red-brown or brick-color. non-type, North American material: (35-) 56 - 87 × 2.5- 7 mm, white to whitish, brown or tan from handling, narrowing upward or narrowing downward, flaring at apex, longitudinally (faintly) striate, fibrillose below with fibrils often darkening, whitish subsatiny above; bulb 10 - 14 × 9 - 13.5 mm, subglobose to ovoid; context white, stuffed with water soaked tissue above to hollow below to solid; partial veil superior to submedian, very pale yellowish white, thin, membranous, delicate, tearing, persistent, flaring; universal veil as continuous short white to yellowish membranous limb appressed to stipe or as tough smooth leathery white limb with pale yellow limbus internus, 11± mm from base of bulb to highest point on limb. | ||||||||
odor/taste |
from protolog: Odor of
old potatoes. Taste very
mild. Costa Rica: Odor of freshly dug potato. Taste not recorded. non-type, North American material: Odor of new potatoes. Taste not recorded. | ||||||||
macrochemical tests |
none recorded. | ||||||||
pileipellis | from protolog: ixocutis, 85 - 100 μm thick; filamentous hyphae 3 - 6 μm wide, branching, densely packed, occasionally bearing clavate terminal segment (up to 45 × 10 μm). | ||||||||
pileus context | not described. | ||||||||
lamella trama | from protolog: bilateral. | ||||||||
subhymenium | not described. | ||||||||
basidia | from protolog: (28-) 30 - 36 × (8.4-) 9.6 - 12.0 μm, 4-sterigmate; clamps not observed. | ||||||||
universal veil | from protolog: On pileus: filamentous hyphae (3-) 5 - 8 (-12) μm wide, hyaline, branching, loosely interwoven; inflated cells plentiful, globose to subglobose to clavate, up to 60 × 20 μm and 76 × 76 μm, terminal. On stipe base: filamentous hyphae 3.5 - 5 μm wide, branching, thin-walled, interwoven, usually constricted at septa; inflated cells scattered, up to 70 × 36 μm, terminal. | ||||||||
stipe context | from protolog: longitudinally acrophysalidic; filamentous hyphae 3 - 9 μm wide (near exterior surface 3 - 6 μm wide), thin-walled, branching, "usually" constricted at septa in central cylinder ("pith"); acrophysalides up to 210 × 30 μm, thin-walled, scattered and smaller in central cylinder ("pith"), also sometimes subglobose (up to 74 μm long) in pith; vascular hyphae noted in central cylinder ("pith"). | ||||||||
partial veil | from protolog: filamentous hyphae (3-) 4 - 6 (-8) μm wide, branching, loosely interwoven; inflated cells not observed. | ||||||||
lamella edge tissue | sterile. | ||||||||
basidiospores |
from protolog: (6.6-) 7.2 -
9.0 μm long, (Q = 1.0 - 1.1, "usually 1.0"), smooth,
amyloid, globose to subglobose; apiculus not
described; contents not described; white in
deposit. [Note: Sporgraph cannot be
generated.—ed.] RET (from material originally defining the concept of A. sp-N20): [70/3/3] 7.0 - 8.8 (-10.5) × (5.5-) 6.5 - 8.0 (-9.5) µm, (L = 7.9 - 8.2 µm; L’ = 8.0 µm; W = 7.1 - 7.4 µm; W’ = 7.2 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.03 - 1.27 (-1.35); Q = 1.06 - 1.16; Q’ = 1.11), hyaline, colorless, smooth, thin-walled, amyloid, globose to subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, rarely ellipsoid, sometimes swollen at one end, adaxially flattened; apiculus sublateral, cylindric; contents monoguttlate to multiguttulate, sometimes with additional small granules; white in deposit. RET (from material originally defining the concept of A. sp-O02): [146/8/8] (6.6-) 7.3 - 9.0 (-10.8) × (5.9-) 6.6 - 8.5 (-10.1) µm, (L = 7.7 - 8.6 (-8.8) µm; L’ = 8.2 µm; W = 7.0 - 7.8 (-7.9) µm; W’ = 7.5 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.17 (-1.28); Q = 1.06 - 1.11; Q’ = 1.07), hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, amyloid to strongly amyloid, globose to subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, usually at least somewhat adaxially flattened, occasionally expanded at one end; apiculus sublateral, proportionately small, cylindric; contents guttulate; white in deposit. | ||||||||
ecology |
from protolog: Solitary.
Nova Scotia: In humus under Tsuga canadensis
or Acer. Connecticut: In litter of coniferous woods in dry conditions. New Jersey: In mixed deciduous woods in very dry conditions or in Pinus rigida-Quercus (Pitch Pine-Oak) barrens. New York: In wet soil over sandstone bedrock, under Tsuga canadensis and Betula alleghaniensis. more t.b.d. Costa Rica: Solitary to scattered. At 1900-2860 m elev. In dark loam of open Quercus copeyensis grove or in similar soil in broad-leaf forest with Q. copeyensis and occasional Q. seemannii or in similar soil of old remnant forest with Q. copeyensis, Q. seemannii, and Q. rapurahuensis or in similar soil with leaf litter of open pasture with scattered Q. copeyensis and Q. costaricensis with adjacent segregated patches of mixed broad-leaf forest or in similar soil in old mixed broad-leaf forest with Q. copeyensis and Q. seemannii or in forest dominated by Q. seemannii. | ||||||||
material examined |
from protolog:
CANADA:
NOVA SCOTIA—Kings Co. - Aylesford,
29.vii.1967 H. L. Stewart 200 (holotype, ACAD 10884);
Kentville Ravine, 31.vii.1967 unkn. coll. [H. L.
Stewart 215] (paratype, ACAD 10898).
COSTA RICA: PROV. ALAJUELA—Ctn. Grecia - Bosque del Niño [10°9′4″ N/ 84°14′42″ W, 1900 m], 29.vi.1995 Juber Torres & Juan Luis Mata s.n. [Tulloss 6-29-95-G] (RET 338-4). PROV. SAN JOSÉ—Ctn. Dota - El Empalme [9°43′8″ N/ 83°57′4″ W, 2250 m], 15.vi.1995 Kris Shanks s.n. [Tulloss 6-15-95-A] (RET 336-1), K. Shanks s.n. [Tulloss 6-15-95-G] (RET 336-6), K. Shanks s.n. [Tulloss 6-15-95-O] (RET 338-2); Jardín de Dota [9°42′52″ N/ 83°58′28″ W, 2220 m], 15.vi.1995 R. E. Tulloss 6-15-95-F (RET 338-5, nrITS seq'd.); La Chonta [9°41′58″ N/ 83°56′31″ W, 2400 m], K. Shanks, R. E. Halling & R. E. Tulloss [Tulloss 6-16-95-I] (RET 331-3), R. E. Halling s.n. [Tulloss 6-16-95-J] (RET 335-7), R. E. Tulloss 6-16-95-O (RET 338-2); San Gerardo de Dota #1, Albergue de Montaña Savegre [9°33′2″ N/ 83°48′27″ W], 2200 - ca. 2350 m], 25.vi.1995 K. Shanks, R. E. Halling & R. E. Tulloss [Tulloss 6-25-95-C] (RET 333-10);San Gerardo de Dota #3 [9°35′47″ N/ 83°47′55″ W, 2860 m], 23.vi.2995 R. E. Tulloss 6-23-95-K (RET 335-2). non-type, North American material: CANADA: ONTARIO—?? Co. - Port Dover [42.7863° N/ 80.198° W, 182 m], n.d. Eva Skific s.n. (RET 547-6). U.S.A.: ARKANSAS—Perry Co., Lake Sylvia Recr. Area, ca. camping area, 14.vi.2010 Jay Justice AR-AM-27 (RET 458-4). FLORIDA—Hillsborough Co. - Thonotosassa [28.1789° N/ 82.2328° W, 20m], 20.iv.2013 J. Kauffman s.n. (RET 546-1). ILLINOIS—Coles Co. - unkn. loc., 20.vii.2007 Dr. Michael Kuo s.n. (RET 408-10). MAINE—Penobscot Co. - Orono, Sklar Park woods, 11.viii.2007 Alma Homoloa sn. [Tulloss 8-11-07-A] (RET 509-4). Waldo Co. - Searsport, Sears Isl., 10.viii.2007 Melissa Piechucki s.n. [Tulloss 8-10-07-A] (RET 409-5). MASSACHUSETTS—Berkshire Co. - Savoy Mountain St. For., 14.viii.1986 Marilyn Hacker s.n. [Tulloss 8-14-86-A] (RET 669-6). Essex Co. - Lynn, Lynn Woods, 7.ix.1990 Martha Finta & R. E. Tulloss [Tulloss 9-7-90-E] (RET 598-10). MISSOURI—Camden Co. - ca. Camdenton, Ha Ha Tonka St. Pk., River Cave, 24.vi.2009 J. Justice, Sherry Kaye, & C. Crabtree s.n. [Tulloss 6-24-09-B] (RET 441-7). Newton Co. - Neosho, Fort Crowder Conservation Area [36.8167° N/ 94.3060° W, 377 m], 17.vi.2013 Jon Shaffer s.n. (RET 547-5). Ste. Genevieve Co. - Hawn St. Pk. [37.820° N/ 90.2429° W, 242 m], 2.vi.2013 Patrick Harvey s.n. [mushroomobserver.org #135461] (RET 553-8, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). NEW JERSEY—Burlington Co. - Chatsworth, Franklin Parker Preserver entrance, 18.viii.2012 Igor Safonov, Nina & John Burghardt 1green (RET 610-9). Mercer Co. - Hopewell, AT&T Bell Labs. prop., 18.viii.1978 R. E. Tulloss G-B50 (RET 675-6). Morris Co. - Mendham, Meadowoods Twp. Pk. [40°47'31" N/ 74°38'43" W, 214 m], 19.vii.1992 Dr. Derek J. Schafer s.n. [Tulloss 7-19-92-D] (RET 064-2). NEW YORK—Albany Co. - Alcove, vii-ix.1892 C. L. Shear s.n. (NEB 30567). Oneida Co. - unkn. loc. 16.vii.2013 Eric Smith s.n. (RET 596-10), 21.vii.2013 E. Smith s.n. (RET 597-8). Otsego Co. - Oneonta, College Camp, 16.viii.1985 Robert Peabody s.n. [Tulloss 8-16-85-F] (RET ??). Otsego? Co. - Schenevus St. For., 16.viii.1985 NEMF85 participant s.n. [Tulloss 8-16-85-H] (RET 100-1). Ulster Co. - Minnewaska St. Pk., Petersburg/?? Trail, 12.viii.1990 William Bakaitis 90-99 (RET 048-3). Unkn. Co. - border of Otsego & Delaware Cos., Pine Lake Campus, 17.viii.1985 Dr. Ursula Hoffman s.n. [Tulloss 8-17-85-A] (RET 099-7). PENNSYLVANIA—Carbon Co. - Hickory Run St. Pk. [41.0333° N/ 75.6920° W, 400-500 m], 13.vii.2012 David Wasilewski s.n. (RET 528-8). Luzerne Co. - Dogtown [41.1322° N/ 76.1538° W, 394 m], 20.ix.2014 D. Wasilewski s.n. (RET 654-3); Ricketts Glen St. Pk. [41.3036° N/ 76.2740° W, 400-600 m], 9.iv.2012 D. Wasilewski s.n. (RET 527-8); Seven Tubs Natural Area [41.2334° N/ 75.8131° W, 300-350 m], 11.vii.2013 D. Wasilewski s.n. (RET 549-2), s.n. (RET 550-6); unkn. loc., 18.vii.2009 D. Wasilewski s.n. (RET 603-4), 24.vi.2011 D. Wasilewski s.n. (RET 499-2). TENNESSEE—Sevier Co. - Gatlinburg, GSMNP, Alum Cave trail head [35°37'48” N/ 83°27'04” W, 1190 m], 13.vii.2004 Dr. Joaquin Cifuentes s.n. [Tulloss 7-13-04-I] (RET 377-2); ca. Gatlinburg, GSMNP, Cherokee Orchard [35°40?30.88” N/ 83°29?09.04” W, 780 m], 12.vii.2004 G. M. Mueller s.n. [Tulloss 7-12-04-K]. WEST VIRGINIA—Colombiana Co. - Fredericktown, 20.vii.1983 W. Sturgeon s.n. [Tulloss 7-20-83-WS1] (RET 211-6). Pendleton Co. - Onego Quadrangle, Seneca Crk./White’s Run, 3.viii.1985 Mitchell Goldman 8-3-85-E (RET 203-6). Tucker Co. - Fernow Exp. For., 4.ix.1992 S. L. Stephenson, R. P. Bhatt & A. Kumar WS13-108 (FWVA) & WS7-101 (FWVA); Horseshoe Run, 3.viii.1995 M. A. King, D. C. & R. E. Tulloss 8-3-85-G (RET 203-3). | ||||||||
discussion |
Often in North American material, the coloring of
A. solaniolens suggests a miniature
specimen of A. brunnescens.
However, the stipe's bulb is more like those of
A.
lavendula and
A. mappa.
This species is assignable to Amanita
[section Validae]—and, further, to
stirps Mappa on both morphological and
molecular grounds.
Sequencing of the holotype has, apparently, not been
performed. Although cap pigmentation may vary geographically or due meteorological conditions (darker pigments may be washed away in rain), molecular and morphological studies indicate that the present species includes material formerly assigned to several temporary code names as follows: A. sp-CR15, A. sp-N20, and A. sp-O02. Prior to development of this site, these names were written "sp. CR15," "sp. N20," and "sp. O02" in correspondence, keys, and draft descriptions. The authors of the present taxon state that, except for spore measurements, microscopic characters were derived from examination only of the holotype. | ||||||||
citations | —R. E. Tulloss and K. W. Hughes | ||||||||
editors | RET | ||||||||
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name | Amanita solaniolens |
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name | Amanita solaniolens |
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[ Keys & Checklists ] |
Each spore data set is intended to comprise a set of measurements from a single specimen made by a single observer; and explanations prepared for this site talk about specimen-observer pairs associated with each data set. Combining more data into a single data set is non-optimal because it obscures observer differences (which may be valuable for instructional purposes, for example) and may obscure instances in which a single collection inadvertently contains a mixture of taxa.